Like the respiratory tract, the digestive tract is a portal of entry through which microbes enter the body, and the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract provide a nonspecific physical barrier against ingested microbes. (c) blood cholesterol lowering statins, Question 38 Lysozyme is part of the first line of defense in the innate immune system and cleaves linkages between N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) in bacterial peptidoglycan. Answer: Answer: Answer: (c) Sedimentation (a) heterotrophs Many AMPs are found on the skin, but they can also be found in other regions of the body. Mucous membranes consist of a layer of epithelial cells bound by tight junctions. Click here to let us know! (d) activated sludge The inoculum is added to the fresh milk in order to convert milk into curd, the term ‘inoculum’ here refers to (d) streptokinase (c) methane and hydrogen (d) bio-insecticidal plants, Question 53. Answer: An important component of the eye is the nasolacrimal drainage system, which serves as a conduit for the fluid of the eye, called tears. (b) gobar gas plant The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many fungi in laboratory is called (a) gene transfer in higher plants (b) activated sludge, Question 44. Answer: (a) some bacteria and cyanobacteria, Question 31. (c) culture media Certain members of the microbiome, can use lipase enzymes to degrade sebum, using it as a food source. Answer: The upper respiratory system is under constant surveillance by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), including the adenoids and tonsils. During the primary treatment of sewage, solid particles that settle down are called Angela, a 25-year-old female patient in the emergency department, is having some trouble communicating verbally because of shortness of breath. (d) Azotobacter chroococcum Mycorrhiza does not help the host plant in The keratin makes the skin’s surface mechanically tough and resistant to degradation by bacterial enzymes. Which of the following bacteria is present in the rumen of cattle ? Answer: (b) primary sludge, Question 40. (d) activated sludge, Question 10. Similar competitions occur between the microbiota and potential pathogens on the skin, in the upper respiratory tract, and in the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics are obtained from These include tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). (b) bio-metallurgical techniques (a) citric acid Answer: (b) aphids Lipases are a class of enzymes that can break down triglycerides. (b) Nostoc Answer: Angela shakes her head no, but there is fear in her eyes. (a) a starter rich in vitami Bp (a) floes Unlike monogastrics such as swine and poultry, ruminants have a digestive system designed to ferment feedstuffs and provide precursors for energy for the animal to use. (d) both (a) and (b) The lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food. Which of the following organisms is used in the production of beverages ? (d) all of these Akihiko Komuro, in Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases: Focus on Inflammation, 2017. Statins used for lowering blood cholesterol level are extracted from (a) Streptomyces griseus The topmost layer of skin, the epidermis, consists of cells that are packed with keratin. (b) thermal vents (a) lichen Lipase is regioselective as it can hydrolyze triglycerides at R1 and R3, only R2, or nonspecifically. Some AMPs are produced routinely by the body, whereas others are primarily produced (or produced in greater quantities) in response to the presence of an invading pathogen. Answer: (a) Frankia With some difficulty, she explains that her father died suddenly at age 27, when she was just a little girl, of a similar respiratory attack. (c) controlling butterfly caterpillars The cell junctions in the blood vessels traveling through the CNS are some of the tightest and toughest in the body, preventing any transient microbes in the bloodstream from entering the CNS. The resident microbiota provide a physical defense by occupying available cellular binding sites and competing with pathogens for available nutrients. (d) harmful bacteria (d) all of these The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. Which of the following options contains the end products formed during anaerobic respiration in yeast ? (d) Azotobacter chroococcum, Question 33. Once it breaches the skin barrier, S. schenkii can infect the skin and underlying tissues, producing ulcerated lesions like Mike’s. Further down, the intestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). (a) more, less (d) reclamation of wastelands (c) Rum Fungi grow filaments known as hyphae, which are not particularly invasive and can be easily kept at bay by the physical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. (d) Azolla pinnata (c) used as manure (a) cowdung manure and farmyard waste Chemicals in tears, such as defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme, help to prevent colonization by pathogens. Wastewater treatment generates a large quantity of sludge, which can be treated by (b) burried in land fills For example, in the respiratory system, inhalation can bring microbes, dust, mold spores, and other small airborne debris into the body. The endothelia of the blood-brain barrier, for example, protect the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Organic farming does not include Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions of transesterification and esterification.This involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol).The alcohols used should be of low molecular weight. (c) biofertiliser Answer: Mucus secretions also contain antimicrobial peptides. From the sac, tear fluid flows via a nasolacrimal duct to the inner nose. (a) Trichoderma harzianum A nurse observes constriction and swelling of the airway and labored breathing. (c) used as manure, Question 56. (b) bacteria (c) actinomycetes The mucociliary escalator pushes mucus away from the lungs, along with any debris or microorganisms that may be trapped in the sticky mucus, and the mucus moves up to the esophagus where it can be removed by swallowing. Our mission is to offer cutting-edge products backed by science that can help your body operate at its prime level, the way it was designed to. Answer: (b) anaerobic process (b) narrow spectrum applications (c) Chloramphenicol Only recently has research suggested that healthy lungs may have a small normal microbiota. For example, these organisms outcompete potential pathogens for space and nutrients within the intestine. (a) primary sludge Answer: This keeps the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord sterile under normal conditions. 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They include physical barriers to microbes, such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as mechanical defenses that physically remove microbes and debris from areas of the body where they might cause harm or infection. (a) Trichoderma polysporum (a) use of fertilisers and pesticides of biological origin (c) bio-mineralisation process Answer: (b) Azotobacter, Question 6. (b) less, more (d) all of these (c) blood cholesterol lowering statins Name two places you would find endothelia. (d) streptokinase, Question 36. For this reason, more microbes are found on the regions of the skin that produce the most sweat, such as the skin of the underarms and groin. Have questions or comments? (a) algae (d) medium in both (c) S. venezuelae (a) aerobic breakdown of biomass We have already discussed several examples of mechanical defenses, including the shedding of skin cells, the expulsion of mucus via the mucociliary escalator, and the excretion of feces through intestinal peristalsis. (b) Bacitracin Process of biogas production is (c) antibiotics (c) Bradyrhizobium Answer: Answer: A nitrogen fixing microbe associated with the fern Azolla in rice fields is (b) ethanol Answer: (c) minimise the environmental hazards Legal. Microbes are present in (d) anaerobic sludge (c) Azotobacter Free PDF Download of CBSE Biology Multiple Choice Questions for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare. (d) all of these, Question 23. The vitamin whose content increases following the conversion of milk into curd by lactic acid bacteria is Answer: (b) Azorhizobium With age, the pancreas, which generates four major digestive enzymes, decreases in weight and some of its tissue undergoes fibrosis. In addition, the dead cells of the epidermis are frequently shed, along with any microbes that may be clinging to them (desquamation). The characteristics of a few of the more significant AMPs are summarized in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). The resident microbiota also contribute to the chemical defenses of the innate nonspecific host defenses. Answer: Trichoderma harzianum has proved to be a useful microorganism for (a) aerobic process List two ways resident microbiota defend against pathogens. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) provides an overview of the nonspecific defenses discussed in this chapter. The skin, mucous membranes, and endothelia throughout the body serve as physical barriers that prevent microbes from reaching potential sites of infection. (c) activated sludge (c) autotrophs (a) mosquitoes (d) Clostridium butylicum Peritoneal fluid acts to moisten the outside of the organs and to reduce … (d) S. rimosus (d) Bacillus thuringiensis The mucociliary escalator is such an effective barrier to microbes that the lungs, the lowermost (and most sensitive) portion of the respiratory tract, were long considered to be a sterile environment in healthy individuals. (c) effects on non-target pathogens, Question 55. (c) Aspergilus niger Ruminant livestock include cattle, sheep, and goats. Original content via Openstax (CC BY 4.0; Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction). Answer: (b) biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens (d) all of these Other mucosal defenses include secreted antibodies (IgA), lysozyme, surfactant, and antimicrobial peptides called defensins. Streptomycin is obtained from (a) oxygen, Question 57. (b) biological control of plant diseases At the cellular level, barriers consist of cells that are tightly joined to prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissue. (d) Both (a) and (c), Question 45. Lysozyme cleaves the bond between NAG and NAM in peptidoglycan, a component of the cell wall in bacteria. (a) bacterial pathogens (c) bioremediation of contaminated soils (c) less in both Invading microorganisms may attempt to break down these substances chemically, using enzymes such as proteases that can cause structural damage to create a point of entry for pathogens. (d) yeast (c) locally developed pest resistant varieties Nina Parker, (Shenandoah University), Mark Schneegurt (Wichita State University), Anh-Hue Thi Tu (Georgia Southwestern State University), Philip Lister (Central New Mexico Community College), and Brian M. Forster (Saint Joseph’s University) with many contributing authors. Compounding matters, other pathogens may enter the infected tissue, causing secondary bacterial infections. (d) all of these (b) H2S, C6H12O6 and energy The stomach is an extremely acidic environment (pH 1.5–3.5) due to the gastric juices that break down food and kill many ingested microbes; this helps prevent infection from pathogens. (a) Azolla-Anabaena (c) enhancing its resistance to root pathogens (a) rumen of cattle This produces oleic acid, which creates a mildly acidic environment on the surface of the skin that is inhospitable to many pathogenic microbes. BOD of wastewater is estimated by measuring the amount of Answer: Urine passing out of the body washes out transient microorganisms, preventing them from taking up residence. (a) Streptomyces griseus, Question 25. (d) yeast, Question 37. This system of removal is often called the mucociliary escalator. Certain members of the microbiome, can use lipase enzymes to degrade sebum, using it as a food source. Answer: The epithelial cells secrete a moist, sticky substance called mucus, which covers and protects the more fragile cell layers beneath it and traps debris and particulate matter, including microbes. (b) floe (b) biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens, Question 54. (a) enhancing its phosphorus uptake capacity (a) Ganga Action Plan (c) Xanthomonas campestris We hope the given Biology MCQs for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare will help you. What causes swelling of body tissues in general? (b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae In addition to physical barriers that keep microbes out, the body has a number of mechanical defenses that physically remove pathogens from the body, preventing them from taking up residence. Answer: Cyanobacteria are (d) Pseudomonas, Question 16. Which of the following is a non-symbiotic biofertiliser ? (a) N2 fixing bacteria Several Kampo medicines and their ingredients have been … (b) maximise the ecological benefits (a) anaerobic digesters (b) Prions, Question 17. (a) Wine, Question 13. (b) stable particles Which of the following antibiotics was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War 11 ? ... plans to use microbes … (c) antibiotics, Question 22. Answer: Describe how the mucociliary escalator functions. Depending on the specific antimicrobial mechanism, a particular AMP may inhibit only certain groups of microbes (e.g., gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria) or it may be more broadly effective against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. (b) Bacillus thuringiensis, Question 51. (d) Rhizobium (d) carbon dioxide is the first step of sewage treatment. (c) Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Question 5. Tissues in various parts of the body have different types of cell junctions. Lastly, the outer surface of the lungs is protected with a double-layered pleural membrane, which protects the lungs and provides lubrication to permit the lungs to move easily during respiration. (c) a starter containing milions of LAB, Question 19. (b) methane Answer: (b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Question 20. (c) farmyard manures The genes coding for these types of AMPs are often carried on plasmids and can be passed between different species within the resident microbiota through lateral or horizontal gene transfer. (c) Spirulina In this … Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of Alnus is brought about by (b) chemical pesticides (d) both (b) and (c) He went to an urgent care facility, where a physician asked about his occupation. (a) Anabaena Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. Disruption of the mucociliary escalator by the damaging effects of smoking or diseases such as cystic fibrosis can lead to increased colonization of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract and frequent infections, which highlights the importance of this physical barrier to host defenses. His lesions eventually healed, and Mike returned to work with a new appreciation for gloves and protective clothing. acnes releases lipase that produces fatty acids by digesting sebum, creating inflammation of the skin. (d) both (b) and (c), Question 49. (a) biocontrol agents Food consumed stays in the stomach for about an hour. Although urine does contain some antibacterial components, bacteria will grow in urine left out at room temperature. (c) with the help of methanogenic bacteria This competition prevents infections by limiting the availability of nutrients, thus inhibiting the growth of Candida, keeping its population in check. (d) all of these (a) some bacteria and cyanobacteria Answer: (b) A quick growing crop ploughed back into the field Introduction. Students can solve NCERT Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare MCQs Pdf with Answers to know their preparation level. 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