For More IP Notes Class 12, You can call or WhatsApp at 9999394997. Each byte in this address is separated by a colon. When the computers in a network are interconnected through a wire or cable, then such a medium is categorised under wired technologies. Some of the major network security breaches are: COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Department of ECE, ACE Page 1 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS Networking engineering is a complicated task, which involves software, firmware, chip level engineering, hardware, and electric pulses. When we enter the domain name in a browser by typing on the address bar, the browser issues a command to the operating system to provide the corresponding IP address. All messages entering or leaving the Intranet (internal network) pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. Today’s e-mail systems are based on a store and forward model. Tree topology is suitable for the applications which have a hierarchical flow of data and control. Network Architecture Network architecture is the overall design of a computer network that describes how a computer network is configured and what strategies are being used. The difference is only on the basis of geographical area coverage. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among them. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). At the receiving end, the data are demodulated into computer readable form. FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface. Classification of Computer Networks It is free for private uses. 1. A static IP address will never change and it is a permanent Internet address. There is dependency on the central node. It is highly suitable for rigid industrial environments. It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or contract law, as it is a domain covering many areas of rules and regulations. It consists of 2 parts or 2 sub-layers. Here, the shape of a network is like an inverted tree, where the central node is at the root which is branching out as the network extends. Network Security Ring Toplogy In ring or circular topology, the nodes are connected in a circular way. Intrusion Problem In any client/server installation, the server system is itself a peer-to-peer system, with data distributed between servers. Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media: Bound transmission media are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence and are limited by the physical geography. Client server network : The client/server topology is the model for vertical scaling, where clients typically host a small subset of the data in the application process space and delegate to the server system for the rest. It also determines the data rate of the system. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Informatics Practices Notes Chapter 1 Computer Networking. Star Topology In star topology, there is a direct and dedicated connection of every . The difference in a simple telephonic call and point to point video conferencing is the virtual appearance of user. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Informatics Practices Notes Chapter 1 Computer Networking. Three forms of modulations are possible. Thereafter, the operating system searches the host file in which IP address of some domains are stored. 2. Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Some early e-mail systems required that the sender and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. It helps to minimize the operational cost of an organization. At the source, there is a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or a Laser Diode, which modulates the data into light beam using frequency modulation techniques. This mode of transmission is very useful in multimedia transmission. Computer Networks A computer network consists of two or more computing devices that are connected in order to share the components of your network (its resources) and the information you store there, as shown in Figure 1.1. Application gateway Applies security mechanism to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. Wireless/Mobile Communication It is also known as network model or network design. 2. We have to check the entire network to find the fault. Low circuitry costs $2-$5 for the entire coding/decoding circuitry. Types of Hub . Basic Components for the Working of Internet Carriers that use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) instead of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are increasingly marketing their services as being 4G, even when their data speeds are not as fast as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specifies. We can booked tickets for airlines and trains or even we can book a room in a hotel at any destination by a network. Nowadays wireless communication is becoming popular. 3. Frequency Modulation (FM): Frequency modulation is a change in the carrier frequency (fc) with all other factors remaining constant. A 3G network, on the other hand, can offer data speeds as slow as 3.84 Mbps. Ltd. Information Communication Technology and Cyber Law. Full duplex means receives and sends the data at a time. Simple circuitry no special or proprietary hardware is required, can be incorporated into the integrated circuit of a product. WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management over long distances. Using FTP, different people locating in different geographical locations can cooperate and work on a common project. Through Internet, computers become able to exchange information with each other and find diverse prespective on issue from a global audience. A dynamic IP address is a temporary address that is assigned to any computing device to access the Internet. 3G stands for Third Generation and it is also called Tri-Band 3G. Computer networks pdf notes starts with the topics covering Introduction to networks, internet, protocols & standards, the OSI model, layers in OSI model, TCP/IP suite, Addressing, Analog & digital signals, etc. 4. Used in ordinary telephone lines and it allows communications equipment and circuits to be shared among users. Subjected to deterioration by noise during transmission and write/read cycle. Every time we enter a domain name it will be converted into an IP address and the website will be opened, e.g. A cracker is also called black hat hacker. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbps to smart phones, modems, laptops, computers. An optical fiber cable contains following three parts: Wireless Technologies (Unguided Media) Your Internet Service Provider (ISP), will assign you either a static IP address (which is always the same) or a dynamic IP address, (which changes every time you log on). It is a text message that may contain files, images or other attachment sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. During message routing, every intermediate switch in the network stores the whole message. Because of noise immunity, optical fibers are virtually impossible to tap. There are two types of repeaters: 5. Even administration of the network is tough. complete chapter wise pdf of class 12 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON by SUMITA ARORA Its a humble request guys ,please right feedback to us so that we can improve. Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups. 3. Denial of Service (DOS) Experiences fewer data transmission errors, Experiences more data transmission errors as compared to LAN. Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media: Unbound transmission media are the ways of transmitting data without using any cables. The communication media can be grouped into two categories: Wired Technologies (Guided Media) It is like video telephonic call. The cost of installing a WLL system for subscriber access lines is now virtually the same as that of copper cable, though it can vary depending on the subscriber line length and local conditions, e.g. The MAC address is manufactured into every network card, such as an Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore cannot be changed. In order to intercept the signal, the fiber must be cut and a detector must be inserted which is not possible. If N devices are connected, then the number of cables required 1 which is known as backbone cable and N drop lines are required. The two most common e-mail protocols are POP3 and SMTP. Its main function as proxy server is to hold the information from a website temporarily so that the repeated access to the same website or web page could be directed to the proxy server instead of actual web server, thus helps in reducing the traffic load. N/w layer protocol chooses the best path to send a package called routing. 0 – 255) in each byte, e.g. A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network. Snooping may include monitoring and tracing of keystrokes pressed, capturing the passwords and login information, etc. Cyber Law Bluetooth personal area network(PAN) is also called a piconet. In other words, when the last node in a bus network is connected with first node and the entire network becomes circular network is known as a network using ring topology. 4. Authentication When there is any problem in data communication with any node, whole network stops functioning. The main purpose of segmenting a large network into smaller segments is to prevent the traffic overloading in a network. To establish a remote connection, both the local machine and remote computer/server must have remote access software. It is a high-speed, high-bandwidth network based on optical transmissions. Among wireless technologies are bluetooth, infrared, microwave, radio link, satellite, etc., are included. NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. The communication over network involves exchange of text/picture/audio/video data through wired or wireless transmission medium. 4G stands for Fourth Generation, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G). Important Questions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python) ... Notes : Keep the distance ... To provide telemedicine faculty in a hilly state, a computer network is to be setup to connect hospitals in 6 small villages (VI, V2, …, V6) to the base hospital (H) in the state capital. 3. with the use of computer buses such as USB) or wireless using wireless network technologies such as bluetooth, wireless USB, Z-wave and ZigBee. All the bits for host ID to zero unavailable to the set of protocols. Are discussed below: 1 whole message, phase modulation is in ASCII format or in binary format, very... Successfully in shared cable network and fiber optical cable ( MAN ) a metropolitan area network Division Multiple )! 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